Although the treatment of malignant tumors has entered an era of comprehensive therapy integrating chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and other modalities, there is still a significant gap from individualized precise treatment. The development of in vivo and in vitro drug sensitivity testing models has promoted the advances in functional precision medicine. Among these models, high-throughput microfluidic platforms offer distinct advantages for in vitro drug sensitivity testing due to their features of high throughput, high sensitivity, high integration, and miniaturization, thereby enabling precise manipulation of microliter-volume fluid flow and reactions and simulating the liquid microenvironment of tumor growth. This article reviews the recent research advances in the application of high-throughput microfluidic platforms in the precise diagnosis and treatment of tumors, in order to provide a reference for the individualized treatment of malignant tumors.

Objective To construct CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2)-overexpressing mouse CD8⁺ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and to investigate the effect of the activation of CCR2-overexpressing mouse CD8⁺ TILs on the proliferation and apoptosis of mouse glioma cells. Methods CD8⁺ TILs were isolated from lung adenocarcinoma tissue of C57BL/6J mice. A lentiviral vector with CCR2 overexpression was constructed and packaged to obtain the lentivirus, which was used to transfect mouse CD8⁺ TILs. Mouse CD8⁺ TILs were divided into CD8⁺ T group (without transfection), CD8⁺ T LV-Empty group (transfected with empty vector), and CD8⁺ T CCR2OE group (transfected with CCR2-overexpressing virus), and flow cytometry was used to measure the proportion of CCR2-positive cells in each group. GL261 cells were divided into GL261 group (routine culture), group A (GL261 cells co-cultured with mouse CD8⁺ TILs), group B (GL261 cells co-cultured with mouse CD8⁺ TILs with the addition of PD-1 antibody), group C (GL261 cells co-cultured with CCR2-overexpressing mouse CD8⁺ TILs), and group D (GL261 cells co-cultured with CCR2-overexpressing mouse CD8⁺ TILs with the addition of PD-1 antibody). Flow cytometry was used to measure the proportions of CD69⁺, CD107A⁺, IFN-γ-positive, and Granzyme B-positive cells in mouse CD8⁺ TILs, and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining was used to measure the apoptosis rate of GL261 cells in each group of A-D. GL261 cells were divided into GL261 group (routine culture), group E (GL261 cells co-cultured with mouse CD8⁺ TILs), group F (GL261 cells co-cultured with mouse CD8⁺ TILs with the addition of PD-1 antibody), group G (GL261 cells co-cultured with CCR2-overexpressing mouse CD8⁺ TILs), and group H (GL261 cells co-cultured with CCR2-overexpressing mouse CD8⁺ TILs with the addition of PD-1 antibody), and CCK-8 assay was used to measure the proliferative capacity of GL261 in each group. Mouse CD8⁺ TILs were divided into group a (routine culture), group b (treated with CCL2), group c (treated with CD3 antibody), and group d (treated with CD3 antibody and CCL2), and flow cytometry was used to measure the proportions of CD69⁺ and CD107A⁺ cells in CCR2-overexpressing mouse CD8⁺ TILs in groups a-d. Results Flow cytometry showed that the proportion of CCR2-positive cells in the CD8⁺ T CCR2OE group was significantly higher than that in the CD8⁺ T LV-Empty group (F=202.80,P<0.05). In the co-culture activation experiment of GL261 and mouse CD8⁺ TILs, group C had significantly higher proportions of CD69⁺, CD107A⁺, IFN-γ-positive, and Granzyme B-positive cells than group A, and group D had significantly higher proportions than group B (F=17.47-146.70,P<0.05). The apoptosis analysis of GL261 cells showed that group C had a significantly higher apoptosis rate than group A, and group D had a significantly higher apoptosis rate than group B (F=88.27,P<0.05). The proliferation assay of GL261 cells showed that group G had a significantly lower proliferative capacity than group E, and group H had a significantly lower proliferative capacity than group F (F=40.85,P<0.05). The CD3 and CCL2 stimulation experiment showed that group c had significantly higher proportions of CD69⁺ and CD107A⁺ cells than group a, and group d had significantly higher proportions than group c (F=108.80, 204.06,P<0.05). Conclusion CCR2 overexpression in mouse CD8⁺ TILs can significantly enhance the activation of mouse CD8⁺ TILs, thereby promoting the apoptosis of glioma cells and inhibiting their proliferation.

Objective To investigate the effect of miR155 on doxorubicin (DOX)-induced dendritic cell (DC) activation and T-cell proliferation and its mechanism. Methods 4T1 cells cultured for 24 h in the cell culture medium containing 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, or 10.0 mg/L DOX (groups A-H), and the 4T1 cells transfected with miR155 were cultured for 24 h in the same cell culture medium (groups I-P). MTT assay was used to measure cell viability and calculate half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀). 4T1 cells were divided into group Q (blank control group), group R (transfected with miR155), group S (transfected with miR155 and treated with 1 mg/L DOX), and group T (treated with 1 mg/L DOX). Flow cytometry was used to measure the fluorescence intensity of calreticulin (CRT) in 4T1 cells; ELISA and bioluminescence assay were used to measure the concentrations of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in supernatant; flow cytometry was used to measure the percentages of CD11c⁺CD80⁺CD86⁺ cells and CD11c⁺MHCII⁺ cells and the proliferation rate of CD3⁺ T cells. Results MTT assay showed that DOX had an IC₅₀ of 0.95 mg/L for 4T1 cells at 24 hours, and the addition of miR155 did not significantly enhance or attenuate the effect of DOX (P>0.05). There were no significant differences in the fluorescence intensity of CRT in cells and the concentrations of ATP and HMGB1 in cell supernatant between group Q and group R (P>0.05). Compared with group Q, group S had significant increases in the percentages of CD11c⁺CD80⁺CD86⁺ cells and CD11c⁺MHCⅡ⁺ cells and the proliferation rate of T cells (F=116.28-593.65,P<0.05), and group R showed significantly higher values than group Q (F=54.45-174.27,P<0.05). Conclusion This study shows that miR155 can enhance DOX-induced DC maturation, antigen presentation, and T-cell proliferation, and therefore, increasing the expression level of miR155 in 4T1 cells may enhance the therapeutic effect of DOX.

Objective To investigate the influence of extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness on the expression of inflammatory factors in primary human prostate cancer cells. Methods Primary human prostate cancer cells were inoculated into culture dishes pre-incubated with 0.1 g/L ECM solution (group A) or 8 g/L ECM solution (group B), and bright-field microscopy was used to observe cell morphology. On day 4 of culture, RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to measure the relative mRNA and protein expression levels of the inflammatory factors C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM1), and interleukin-32 (IL-32) in cells. Results Bright-field microscopy showed that at 24 hours after inoculation, the cells in group A gradually aggregated and formed sheet-like structures, while those in group B exhibited multilayered cell aggregates. RT-qPCR showed that compared with group A, group B had significantly higher relative mRNA expression levels of the inflammatory factors CCL2, CXCL10, ICAM1, and IL-32 (t=5.30-16.23,P<0.05). Western blot showed that compared with group A, group B had significantly higher relative protein expression levels of ICAM1, IL-32, and CCL2 (t=2.78-14.72,P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in the relative protein expression level of CXCL10 between groups A and B (P>0.05). Conclusion Soft ECM substrate can promote the expression of the inflammatory factors CCL2, CXCL10, ICAM1, and IL-32 in primary human prostate cancer cells.

Objective To investigate the effect of combined use of CDK12 inhibitor and PARP inhibitor on tumor and intestinal flora in nude mice with pancreatic cancer. Methods PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cell suspension was subcutaneously inoculated into the right back of nude mice to establish a model of pancreatic cancer. After successful modeling, the mice were randomly divided into control group (corn oil by gavage), CDK12 inhibitor group (CDK12 inhibitor+corn oil by gavage), PARP inhibitor group (PARP inhibitor+corn oil by gavage), and combination group (CDK12 inhibitor+PARP inhibitor+corn oil by gavage). After gavage for 4 consecutive weeks, tumor tissue and intestinal fecal samples were collected from the nude mice in each group, and tumor weight and volume were measured. Transcriptome sequencing was performed for tumor tissue to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and then GO functional enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were performed for these genes. Metagenomic sequencing was performed for fecal samples, and the Last Common Ancestor algorithm was used to analyze the abundance of species in intestinal flora; KEGG pathway functional annotation was performed to analyze functional diffe-rences between flora, a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) was used to visualize spatial distribution differences in flora structure and function between groups. Results The combination group had significantly lower tumor volume and weight than the other three groups (F=22.81,27.09,P<0.05). There were 139 DEGs between the control group and the combination group, which was the highest number of DEGs between any two groups. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that these DEGs were mainly enriched in the pathways such as plasma membrane composition, cell adhesion and extracellular matrix interaction, immune response, and inflammatory response, while the GO functional enrichment analysis showed that these DEGs were mainly enriched in the functions such as cell surface, immune response, and cell signal transduction. There was a significant difference in the composition of intestinal flora between the four groups, and the results of PCoA showed that the control group was clearly separated from the other three groups in terms of flora structure, and the combination group was significantly separated from the other three groups in terms of flora function (P<0.05). Conclusion The combined use of CDK12 inhibitor and PARP inhibitor can significantly inhibit tumor growth in nude mice with pancreatic cancer and exert an antitumor effect by affecting the expression and function of related genes in tumor tissue and regulating the structure and function of intestinal flora in nude mice.

Objective To investigate the application effect of Indicator of Sedation Need (IOSN) in decision-making for intravenous sedation and general anesthesia in stomatology. Methods A total of 68 patients who attended Pain-Free Dentistry Center of our hospital from July 2023 to May 2024 and received dental treatment under intravenous sedation or general anesthesia were enrolled, and according to the method of sedation, the patients were divided into intravenous sedation group with 33 patients and general anesthesia group with 35 patients. The patients were scored using the specific items in IOSN to analyze the application of IOSN in decision-making for the two methods of sedation, and the IOSN tool consisted of three core components, i.e., Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS), Medical and Behavioral Indicator Score (MBIS), and Dental Treatment Complexity Score (DTCS). Results There was no significant difference in MDAS score between the two groups (P>0.05). The general anesthesia group had a significantly higher IOSN score than the intravenous sedation group (t=4.454,P<0.05). DTCS was the main influencing factor for the IOSN score of patients and the selection of methods of sedation (Z=-6.587,P<0.05). Notably, the selected method of sedation for 29.4% of the patients was not consistent with the method recommended by IOSN, primarily due to the request for a specific sedation technique by the patient or a shortened course of treatment. Conclusion IOSN is an effective tool for assisting dentists in deciding the method of sedation. On the basis of IOSN score, health education for patients and doctor-patient communication should be strengthened to address their subjective preferences, thereby enhancing the scientific rigor and compliance of decision-making.

Objective To investigate the association between colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) gene polymorphisms and the risk and phenotype of sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods A study of the Chinese Han population in northern China was conducted among 516 patients with sporadic PD who were admitted to Department of Neurology in our hospital from December 2017 to June 2023 (case group), and 484 individuals who underwent physical examination in the Health Scree-ning Center of our hospital during the same period of time were enrolled as control group. General information was collected and compared between the two groups, and the common phenotypes of PD and the results of PD-related scales for the patients in the case group was collected. Peripheral venous blood samples were collected from both groups, and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to detect the genotypes at the rs216136 and rs10079250 loci of the CSF1R gene; ge-notype and allele frequencies were compared between the two groups. The multiple linear regression model was used to analyze the association between different genotypes at the above two loci of the CSF1R gene and common phenotypes of PD, and the results of PD-related scales. In a mixed population study, 606 PD patients were selected from the PPMI database as PD group, and 197 healthy individuals were selected as healthy control group; related data were collected from the two groups of subjects, including general information, genotype and allele frequencies at the 12 PD-related loci of the CSF1R gene, the common phenotypes of PD, and the results of PD-related scales. The multiple linear regression model was used to analyze the association between polymorphisms at the above 12 loci of the CSF1R gene and the common phenotypes of PD, and the results of PD-related scales. Results In the Chinese Han population of northern China, there was a significant difference in age between the two groups (t=-9.174,P<0.01); after stratification based on age, there were significant differences in the frequencies of G/G and A/A genotypes and allele frequencies at CSF1R rs216136 between the two groups in the age group of 50-59 years (OR=0.444,95%CI=0.213-0.925,P<0.05). The multiple linear regression model analysis showed that CSF1R rs216136 was associated with the onset of psychiatric symptoms in PD patients (β=0.169,95%CI=0.030-0.314,P<0.01). In the mixed population, there were significant differences between the two groups in Hoehn-Yahr stage, MDS-UPDRS, MoCA, ADL, BJLOT, BNT, HVLT, LNS, LXFLUE, SFT, GDS, and RBD scores (χ²=780.616,t=-45.672-10.574,P<0.05). The multiple linear regression model analysis showed that CSF1R gene polymorphisms were associated with the reduction in dopamine transporter (DAT) binding in the left caudate nucleus of the striatum, the increase in MDS-UPDRS Part Ⅰ score, and the reductions in LNS and LXFLUE-A scores (P<0.05). Conclusion CSF1R gene polymorphism might be an influencing factor for the early onset of PD in the Chinese Han population in northern China, and it may be associated with the onset of psychiatric symptoms in PD. In the mixed population, CSF1R gene polymorphism is not significantly associated with the risk of PD, but it may reduce DAT binding rate in the corpus striatum and exacerbate cognitive impairment of PD.

Objective To investigate the trajectory of fatigue and related influencing factors in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods A total of 290 IBD patients who attended Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, from July 2023 to May 2024 were enrolled as subjects using the method of convenience sampling. Demographic and clinical data were recorded, and the severity of fatigue was assessed at baseline and at 3 and 6 months after attending the hospital. The latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to identify the potential subgroups of fatigue symptom trajectories, and then the patients were divided into different groups. A univariate analysis was used to identify the indicators with statistical significance in demographic and clinical data across groups, and the above indicators were included in the multivariate logistic regression model to determine the influencing factors for different fatigue symptom trajectories. Results The LPA model identified four distinct fatigue trajectories among IBD patients, i.e., low fatigue, moderate fatigue with remission, high fatigue with decline, and high fatigue with persistence. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that age, sex, body mass index, presence of anemia, medication (hormone or biological agent), disease activity, sleep quality, and the status of anxiety and depression were influencing factors for fatigue symptom trajectory (P<0.05). Conclusion There are four distinct fatigue trajectories, low fatigue, moderate fatigue with remission, high fatigue with decline, and high fatigue with persistence, in IBD patients within a short term after initial diagnosis. The medical staff can early identify the patients with high fatigue and implement targeted and individualized nursing interventions based on the influencing factors for fatigue symptom trajectories, thereby improving the outcome of fatigue in IBD patients.

Objective To investigate the risk factors associated with bone erosion in male patients with gout. Methods A total of 297 male patients with gout who presented for their initial visit to the Gout Clinical Medical Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University between January 2020 and December 2021 and underwent musculoskeletal ultrasound examinations were retrospectively enrolled. Based on the presence or absence of bone erosion on musculoskeletal ultrasonography, the patients were classified into a bone-erosion group (n=73) and a non-bone-erosion group (n=224). Clinical, pathological, and ultrasonographical parameters were collected and compared between the two groups. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for bone erosion in male gout patients, and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to assess the diagnostic performance of statistically significant factors. Results Significant differences were observed between the two groups in age, gout duration, serum urea nitrogen level, serum creatinine level, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), family history of gout, the proportion of patients with frequent gout attacks within the past year, the proportion of colchicine use, and the presence, size, and number of tophi, as well as in the double contour sign and synovial thickening (Z=-4.626--3.361,t=-5.787,χ²=4.325-33.515,P<0.05). The multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that reduced eGFR, family history of gout, frequent gout attacks within the past year, presence of double contour sign, and increased tophus size were risk factors for bone erosion in male gout patients (Wald χ²=4.115-12.263,P<0.05). The ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the ROC curve of tophus size for predicting bone erosion was 0.744, with an optimal cutoff value of 0.565 cm. Conclusion Reduced eGFR, family history of gout, frequent gout attacks within the past year, presence of double contour sign on ultrasonography, and increased tophus size are potential risk factors for bone erosion in male patients with gout. Among these, tophus size is a key predictor of bone erosion risk.

Objective To investigate the effect of monotherapy with valproic acid (VPA), lamotrigine (LTG) or levetiracetam (LEV) on ferroptosis of cells in adult patients with epilepsy. Methods A total of 95 patients with epilepsy who were treated in Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, from December 2022 to September 2024 were enrolled as epilepsy group, and according to the type of the drug used, they were divided into VPA group, LTG group, and LEV group; 93 individuals, matched for age and sex, who underwent physical examination in the same hospital during the same period of time were enrolled as control group. Fasting peripheral venous blood samples were collected from all subjects at baseline and from the patients with epilepsy after 6 months of medication. Colorimetry was used to measure the serum levels of ferrous ion (Fe²⁺), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA), and RT-qPCR and Western blot (WB) were used to measure the expression levels of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) in peripheral blood. The above indicators were compared between groups. Results At baseline, compared with the control group, the epilepsy group had significantly higher serum levels of Fe²⁺ and MDA and significantly lower levels of GSH, GPX4, and SLC7A11 (t=15.62-18.17,Z=-6.97-3.16,P<0.05). After treatment, VPA, LTG, and LEV all significantly reduced the serum levels of Fe²⁺ and MDA in the epilepsy group (t=5.14-14.75,P<0.05), and LTG and VPA induced significantly greater reductions than LEV (F=5.94,7.05,t=-3.56--2.38,P<0.05). VPA, LTG, and LEV all inhibited the downregulation of GSH, GPX4, and SLC7A11 in peripheral blood (t=3.06-11.15,P<0.05), with no significant difference in the degree of such inhibition between the three drugs (P>0.05). Conclusion The three antiepileptic drugs VPA, LTG, and LEV can inhibit ferroptosis of cells in adult patients with epilepsy, while LTG and VPA have a better effect than LEV in improving iron overload and lipid peroxidation during ferroptosis.

Objective To investigate the effect of indoor dust mite exposure during late-term pregnancy on Th2-associa-ted cytokine levels in maternal-infant blood. Methods This study enrolled 78 healthy parturients who underwent pregnancy checkups and gave birth to a full-term, singleton fetus via vaginal delivery at our hospital from July 2023 to June 2024; the infants were also included in the study. These parturients and infants were divided into atopic and non-atopic groups based on the constitution of the parturients. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the indoor dust mite exposure during late-term pregnancy in these parturients. Based on the results, these parturients and infants were categorized into low-exposure, medium-exposure, and high-exposure groups. The general information, including the sex, age, and body mass index of the partu-rients, as well as the sex, birth weight, and feeding method of the infants, was collected. Maternal blood collected immediately before delivery and neonatal cord blood collected at birth were tested for Th2-associated cytokines (IL-33, IL-13, and IgE), and the results were compared. Follow-up was conducted for the incidence of atopic dermatitis (AD) in the infants in early infancy (within three months). Results In the atopic group, the levels of serum IL-33, IL-13, and IgE in the parturients and serum IL-33 and IL-13 in the infants in the medium- and high-exposure subgroups were significantly higher than those in the low-exposure subgroup (F=3.764-9.454,P<0.05). In the non-atopic group, the level of serum IgE in the infants in the high-exposure subgroup was significantly higher than that in the low-exposure subgroup (F=3.327,P<0.05). In addition, the levels of serum IL-13, IgE in the parturients and serum IL-33 and IgE in the infants in the medium-and high-exposure subgroup were significantly higher in the ato-pic group than in the non-atopic group (t=2.552-8.604,P<0.05). The incidence of early infantile AD was associated with the le-vels of serum IL-33 and IgE at birth, as well as the atopic constitution of parturients and the levels of maternal prenatal serum IL-33, IL-13, and IgE (χ²=11.522,t=2.805-4.490,P<0.05). Conclusion The increased Th2-associated cytokine levels in mother-infant perinatal serum are associated with increased indoor dust mite exposure in late-term pregnancy. This correlation is particularly pronounced in parturients with atopic constitution. Moreover, the interaction between genetics and the environment increases the risk of early AD in infants.

Objective To investigate the correlation of interleukin (IL)-6, interleukin-8 (IL-8), tissue inhibitor of me-talloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), miRNA-128, and miRNA-381 with the clinical stage of lower extremity atherosclerotic occlusive di-sease (LEASO) in elderly patients. Methods A total of 167 patients with LEASO, aged ≥65 years, who were hospitalized in Department of Vascular Surgery, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, from January 2024 to January 2025 were enrolled, and according to the Fontaine stage, they were divided into group A (stage Ⅰ/Ⅱ) and group B (stage Ⅲ/Ⅳ). Baseline data were collected, including sex, age, body mass index, disease duration, smoking history, comorbidities, and medication regimens; ELISA and RT-qPCR were used to measure the serum levels of IL-6, IL-8, and TIMP-1 and the relative expression levels of miRNA-128 and miRNA-381; a point-biserial correlation analysis was used to investigate the correlation of the serum levels of miRNAs and inflammatory factors with clinical stage; the logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the influencing factors for the clinical progression of LEASO. Results Compared with group A, group B had significantly higher serum levels of IL-6 and IL-8 (Z=3.074,7.354,P<0.05), a significantly lower serum level of TIMP-1 (Z=-8.031,P<0.05), and significantly lower relative expression levels of miRNA-128 and miRNA-381 in serum (Z=-2.882,-3.164,P<0.05). The point-biserial correlation analysis showed that the serum levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were positively correlated with clinical stage (r=0.154,0.557,P<0.05), and the levels of TIMP-1, miRNA-128, and miRNA-381 in serum were negatively correlated with clinical stage (r=-0.617,-0.251,-0.253,P<0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that an increase in the serum level of IL-8 (OR=1.069,95%CI=1.025-1.115,P<0.05), a reduction in TIMP-1 (OR=0.961,95%CI=0.935-0.987,P<0.05), a reduction in miRNA-381 (OR=11.674,95%CI=1.678-81.228,P<0.05), and prolonged disease duration (OR=2.669,95%CI=1.744-4.087,P<0.05) were risk factors for the clinical progression of LEASO. Conclusion The serum levels of IL-8, TIMP-1, and miRNA-381 are correlated with the clinical stage of LEASO and may be used as potential biomarkers for assessing the severity of LEASO.

Objective To investigate the clinical and radiological features of infants with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 30 infants with COVID-19 and 60 infants with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) who were admitted to our hospital from September 2022 to March 2023. Results There were significant differences between the COVID-19 group and the CAP group in the duration of fever and the composition ratio of infants with fever, wheezing, hoarseness, convulsions, sleep disorders, and cough (χ²=4.956,16.012,t=2.269,P<0.05), while there were no significant differences in lung radiological features between the two groups (P>0.05). There were significant differences between the COVID-19 group and the CAP group in peripheral blood white blood cell count, platelet count, and serum creatine kinase-MB (t=2.204-3.312,P<0.05). Conclusion Infants with COVID-19 lack specific radiological changes of lungs and tend to develop the symptoms such as hoarseness, wheezing, convulsions, and sleep disorders in addition to fever, with frequent involvement of the myocardium.

Objective To investigate the clinicopathological features and gene mutation characteristics of patients with polycystic liver disease (PLD). Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 12 PLD patients who attended Department of Liver Transplantation in our hospital from April 2019 to December 2023, and their clinical and histological features were analyzed. Whole-exome sequencing was performed for pathological samples of liver tissue from all patients. Results Among the 12 patients with PLD, there were 6 male patients and 6 female patients, with a mean age of (52.3±12.0) years. Of all 12 patients, 8 underwent allogeneic liver transplantation, 2 underwent laparoscopic fenestration of hepatic cysts, 1 underwent allogeneic combined liver-kidney transplantation, and 1 underwent laparoscopic left hemihepatectomy. There were similar pathological changes in the liver tissue of all patients, with hepatic cyst walls composed of hyperplastic fibrous tissue and lined by a single layer of flat, cuboidal, or columnar epithelium, different cyst wall thicknesses due to varying degrees of fibrous hyperplasia, and other changes including chronic inflammatory cell infiltration, degeneration, and hemorrhage. Whole-exome sequencing showed variants in the five PLD pathogenic genes PKD1, PKHD1, PRKCSH, PKD2, and LRP5 in eight patients, among which PKD1, PKHD1, and PKKCSH exhibited higher mutation frequencies, and the mutation types included missense mutations and insertions-deletions. Conclusion Patients with PLD may have multiple pathogenic mutations, predominantly in the PKD1, PKHD1, and PKKCSH genes, but the histopathological features of the liver remain consistent across different mutation types.

Objective To investigate the current status and changing trend of medical service efficiency in Qingdao public comprehensive hospitals, and to provide a reference for hospitals to improve medical service efficiency. Methods The super-efficiency EBM model and Malmquist index of the data envelopment analysis were used to perform static and dynamic analyses of medical service efficiency in Qingdao public comprehensive hospitals from 2019 to 2023, and the input indicators involved in the evaluation included the number of health technicians, the number of actual beds, and the total value of equipment over ten thousand yuan, while the output indicators included the number of outpatient visits and the number of patients discharged. Results In terms of static efficiency, the mean medical service efficiency of Qingdao public comprehensive hospitals increased from 0.899 to 0.981 in 2019—2023, with a mean overall efficiency of 0.942, which showed an increasing trend, but it was generally in a non-DEA effective state. In terms of dynamic efficiency, the overall mean value of total factor productivity (TFP) index was <1 in Qingdao public comprehensive hospitals in 2019—2023, with great fluctuations in the number of hospitals with TFP >1, and the overall efficiency of the hospitals was unstable, with technological progress as the main influencing factor. Conclusion The mean medical service efficiency in Qingdao public comprehensive hospitals is satisfactory, but it still needs to be continuously improved. It is re-commended that hospitals should take the promotion of technological progress as the anchor point, implement targeted measures to address weaknesses, and effectively improve medical service efficiency, and meanwhile, they should strengthen inter-hospital coo-peration to achieve an overall leap in the level of regional medical services.

Epilepsy is one of the most common and serious neurological disease worldwide, and there has been an increa-sing demand for precise diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy in clinical practice. In recent years, artificial intelligence has become increasingly popular in the medical field. Studies have shown that artificial intelligence can provide important assistance in the precise diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy and has broad application prospects. This article reviews the current application status of artificial intelligence in the precise diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy from the aspects of neuroimaging, electroencephalogram diagnosis, epileptic seizure prediction, selection of antiepileptic drugs, and neuropsychology, discusses the future and challenges of artificial intelligence in the field of epilepsy, and proposes evidence-based recommendations.